HIF-1 response to hypoxia is functionally separated from the glucocorticoid stress response in the in vitro regenerating human skeletal muscle

Pirkmajer S, Filipovic D, Mars T, Mis K, Grubic Z. HIF-1 response to hypoxia is functionally separated from the glucocorticoid stress response in the in vitro regenerating human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299: R1693–R1700, 2010. First published October 13, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00133.2010.—Injury of skeletal muscle is followed by muscle regeneration in which new muscle tissue is formed from the proliferating mononuclear myoblasts, and by systemic response to stress that exposes proliferating myoblasts to increased glucocorticoid (GC) concentration. Because of its various causes, hypoxia is a frequent condition affecting skeletal muscle, and therefore both processes, which importantly determine the outcome of the injury, often proceed under hypoxic conditions. It is therefore important to identify and characterize in proliferating human myoblasts: 1) response to hypoxia which is generally organized by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1 ); 2) response to GCs which is mediated through the isoforms of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and 11 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11 -HSDs), and 3) the response to GCs under the hypoxic conditions and the influence of this combination on the factors controlling myoblast proliferation. Using real-time PCR, Western blotting, and HIF-1 small-interfering RNA silencing, we demonstrated that cultured human myoblasts possess both, the HIF-1 -based response to hypoxia, and the GC response system composed of GR and types 1 and 2 11 -HSDs. However, using combined dexamethasone and hypoxia treatments, we demonstrated that these two systems operate practically without mutual interactions. A seemingly surprising separation of the two systems that both organize response to hypoxic stress can be explained on the evolutionary basis: the phylogenetically older HIF-1 response is a protection at the cellular level, whereas the GC stress response protects the organism as a whole. This necessitates actions, like downregulation of IL-6 secretion and vascular endothelial growth factor, that might not be of direct benefit for the affected myoblasts.